patientventilator

A patient ventilator is a medical device system that delivers mechanical ventilation to support or replace spontaneous breathing in patients with respiratory failure or during anesthesia. Ventilators can be used invasively, via an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy, or noninvasively, through a facial mask or similar interface.

Ventilators operate by delivering a controlled flow of breathable gas, typically air with added oxygen, under set pressure or volume parameters. They are managed through modes that define how breaths are delivered, such as volume-controlled or pressure-controlled ventilation, and combinations like assist-control, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, and pressure support. Modes also regulate variables such as tidal volume, respiratory rate, inspiratory time, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2). The system relies on patient-triggered breaths and synchronization to minimize asynchrony between the patient and the machine.

Key components include the ventilator console, a circuit of tubing, a humidifier, and sensors that monitor pressure, flow, and sometimes airway temperature. Alarm systems alert clinicians to disconnections, circuit leaks, high or low pressures, or abnormal gas exchange. Monitoring focuses on airway pressures, tidal volumes, minute ventilation, oxygenation, and, when available, capnography.

Indications for use include acute respiratory failure, perioperative respiratory support, and certain neuromuscular or systemic conditions. Invasive ventilation requires airway protection and careful management by clinicians, including daily assessment for weaning readiness and spontaneous breathing trials. Risks include ventilator-associated pneumonia, lung injury from pressure or volume, diaphragmatic atrophy with prolonged use, and device-related complications.