packhorses

Packhorses are horses trained to carry cargo using pack saddles and panniers rather than being ridden. They move goods over rough terrain where wheeled transport is impractical, such as mountains, forests, and arid trails.

Throughout history, packhorses played a vital role in many trading networks. In medieval Europe, packhorse routes transported salt, wool, and other commodities between towns and monasteries. In the Americas, they were used during exploration, mining, and logging before railways and roads reduced their prominence. Even where roads existed, packhorses provided access to remote areas and temporary camps.

Equipment and method: a pack saddle forms the core support, with a pair of pack bags or panniers hung on each side. The load is secured with straps or ropes and balanced to avoid overloading one side. A breeching strap helps the animal back up when pulling heavy loads, and a crupper prevents the packs from sliding forward under the tail. Hobbles or lead lines guide passage in a caravan.

Loads and handling: typical cargo is distributed evenly, with a single horse carrying roughly 50–100 kilograms, depending on breed and conditioning. Pack trains — caravans of several animals — travel together in a planned sequence, with handlers supervising stops for feeding, rest, and care. Packhorses require steady conditioning, regular feeding of forage, and protection from saddle sores and weather.

Modern use: in some mountain regions and remote forests, packhorses are still employed by forestry crews, mining operations, or trekking outfitters. They are favored for terrain that cannot support vehicles and for preserving traditional practices. In tourism, packhorse treks offer experiential routes for hikers and riders.