pT

Pt is the chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a member of the platinum group metals, a set of highly unreactive transition metals. Platinum is dense, malleable, and exceptionally resistant to corrosion and oxidation, earning it a reputation as a durable, long-lasting material. It is a noble metal with a high melting point and stable electrical properties.

Physically, platinum has a silvery-white appearance and a very high melting point (about 1768°C) and boiling point (about 3227°C). It is notably dense and does not react with most acids, though it can be dissolved in aqua regia. It forms alloys with other platinum group metals such as iridium and ruthenium, enhancing its range of applications.

Occurrence and production: platinum occurs mainly in ultramafic rocks and as a native metal in placer deposits, often together with nickel and copper sulfides. The largest producers are in South Africa’s Bushveld Complex and Russia, with significant output from Canada, Zimbabwe, and the United States. Most platinum is a by-product of nickel and copper mining and is refined for commercial use.

Uses: platinum is valued for catalysts in automotive catalytic converters and petroleum refining, as well as in chemical processing, electronics, and laboratory equipment. It is widely used in jewelry for its luster and corrosion resistance. Pt alloys and compounds find applications in dentistry, medical devices, and research.

History and isotopes: platinum was first described in the 18th century by Antonio de Ulloa, after which William Hyde Wollaston isolated the metal in 1803. Natural platinum comprises several stable isotopes, with Pt occurring as a mix of these isotopes in varying abundances.

Safety: platinum metal is relatively inert, but certain platinum compounds can be toxic or sensitizing; handling guidelines should be observed in industrial use.