overthrows

Overthrows refer to the removal of a government or ruling authority, typically through non-electoral means. In political science, the term is often used to describe events in which power is transferred abruptly or decisively from an incumbent regime to a new authority. Overthrows can take several forms, including coups d'état (a rapid seizure of power by military or political elites), revolutions (mass movements that aim to replace the political order), or foreign-imposed changes that alter the sovereignty of a state. They may also occur through legal or constitutional mechanisms that are viewed by opponents as illegitimate, sometimes described as constitutional coups.

Common mechanisms involve a combination of military intervention, elite maneuvering, mass protests, or external pressure. The initiating actors range from military officers and security services to political parties, opposition coalitions, or foreign powers. Overthrows frequently occur in contexts of perceived illegitimacy, national crisis, corruption, economic collapse, or security threats, though motivations vary widely and may include ideology, personal power, or strategic advantage.

Consequences of overthrows are variable and may include short-term stability or prolonged instability. They can trigger civil conflict, humanitarian crises, economic disruption, or the expansion of autocratic rule. International responses differ, including recognition of new authorities, sanctions, diplomatic isolation, or intervention. Assessments of legitimacy and success are contested, with some transitions considered legitimate by certain actors and illegitimate by others.

Examples often cited in discussions of overthrows include historical instances such as coups and regime changes in various countries. See also: coup d'état; regime change.