orisha

Orisha refers to a class of spirits or deities in Yoruba religion and in Afro-diasporic traditions derived from Yoruba practice. Orishas are considered intermediaries between Olodumare (the supreme creator) and humans, each governing specific forces, environments, or life experiences. They are not omnipotent but possess distinct personalities and powers, and followers seek their guidance, protection, and blessings through ritual.

Common orishas include Ogun (iron, war, labor), Shango (thunder, lightning, justice), Oshun (water, love, fertility), Yemoja (the river and motherhood), Obatala (wisdom, justice), Orunmila (Ifá wisdom and divination), and Esu (Eshu, messenger and guardian of paths and crossroads). Each is associated with colors, symbols, offerings, and songs or praise (oriki).

Ritual practice centers on honoring specific orishas with offerings, prayers, music, and dance. Divination in the Ifá tradition is used to determine which orisha is present or favored in a given situation; priests such as babalawo (Ifá priests) or other specialized clerics conduct ceremonies, consult with the orisha, and lead devotees.

In the Atlantic world, orisha worship is expressed in Candomblé in Brazil, Santería (Regla de Ocha) in Cuba, and related movements in the Americas. In these diasporic forms, orishas are often syncretized with Catholic saints and linked to particular colors, foods, and ritual objects, and are sometimes believed to possess worshippers during ceremonies.

Geographically, orisha beliefs originate with the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria, Benin, and Togo, and have spread through the African diaspora. They form a diverse, living tradition with multiple lineages and practices.