opioider

Opioiders, or opioids, are a class of drugs that exert effects by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and body. They include natural opiates derived from opium, as well as semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds; they are used medically but carry high abuse potential.

The category includes natural opiates such as morphine and codeine; semi-synthetic opioids such as heroin, oxycodone, and hydrocodone; and fully synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, methadone, tramadol, and buprenorphine. They primarily act on mu receptors, with ancillary activity at delta and kappa receptors.

Medical uses include relief of moderate to severe pain, anesthesia, and, in some cases, cough suppression. In addiction medicine, methadone and buprenorphine treat opioid use disorder; naloxone reverses overdose, and naltrexone can aid relapse prevention.

Pharmacologic effects include analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, and reduced bowel motility. Common adverse effects are nausea, constipation, itching, and dizziness. Tolerance and physical dependence can develop; withdrawal occurs with cessation. Overdose, especially with potent synthetic opioids, is a medical emergency.

Regulation and history: morphine was isolated in the early 19th century by Friedrich Sertürner. Today, opioiders are tightly regulated as controlled substances in most jurisdictions due to misuse and overdose risks. Public health measures include prescribing guidelines, monitoring programs, naloxone distribution, and treatment services.