opium

Opium is the dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. It contains several opioid alkaloids, chiefly morphine, codeine, and thebaine, with morphine typically comprising a large portion of the dried material. Historically, opium has been used for pain relief, cough suppression, and recreation.

Origin and history: Opium cultivation and use date back to ancient times in the Near East and Asia. In the 19th century it played a central role in global trade and conflict, notably in the Opium Wars between Britain and China. Today, opium and its derivatives are tightly regulated in most countries.

Production and processing: The pod capsules are scored to release latex, which dries into raw opium. It can be refined into morphine and codeine or processed into semi-synthetic drugs such as heroin. Cultivation and handling are controlled or prohibited except for licensed medicinal production.

Pharmacology and health effects: Opioid alkaloids act on opioid receptors to produce analgesia, sedation, and euphoria, but also cause dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal. Overdose can depress respiration and be fatal. Medical use is restricted to regulated doses for approved indications.

Legal status and society: International drug-control treaties limit production and distribution. Afghanistan has been the world’s largest producer in recent years; production also occurs in Myanmar and Mexico. Illicit opium trade affects public health and crime in multiple regions. Policy responses include regulation for medical use, crop-substitution programs, and harm-reduction efforts.