oncovirus

An oncovirus is a virus that has the potential to cause cancer. These viruses are also referred to as oncogenic viruses or tumor viruses. The mechanism by which oncoviruses cause cancer is complex and can involve several pathways. Some oncoviruses integrate their genetic material into the host cell's DNA, disrupting normal gene regulation and leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Others produce viral proteins that interfere with critical cellular processes, such as DNA repair or programmed cell death (apoptosis), which can accumulate mutations and promote cancer development.

The role of oncoviruses in human cancers has been established for several viral types. For instance, certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are strongly linked to cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are significant risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with certain lymphomas, such as Burkitt lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is implicated in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

Preventive measures, such as vaccination against HPV and HBV, have proven effective in reducing the incidence of associated cancers. Early detection and treatment of viral infections can also play a role in mitigating cancer risk. Research continues to explore the precise molecular mechanisms by which oncoviruses induce cancer and to develop novel therapeutic strategies to target these viruses and the cancers they cause.