oligodeoksüklotiidid

oligodeoksüklotiidid are short synthetic oligomers composed of deoxyribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. They are typically 5–50 nucleotides long, although longer constructs are also used. The term is used mainly in the context of molecular biology and biotechnology, where these molecules play a central role as primers, probes, and adapters in a variety of applications.

The chemistry of their production is based on solid‑phase phosphoramidite synthesis, which allows the stepwise addition of protected nucleoside residues. After chain elongation, the protecting groups are removed, and the oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support. Purification is commonly performed by reverse‑phase high‑performance liquid chromatography or denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Commercial suppliers provide oligonucleotides with various chemical modifications, such as 5′ phosphorylation, 3′ blocking groups, or fluorophores and quenchers for reporter assays.

In research, oligodeoksüklotiidid are used as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to amplify DNA fragments, as probes in Southern and Northern blotting, and as antisense oligonucleotides to inhibit gene expression. They also function as capture probes in DNA microarrays and as guide strands in CRISPR‑Cas genome editing. In molecular diagnostics, labeled oligodeoksüklotiidid enable real‑time PCR, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays, and pathogen detection.

Due to their relatively low cost and ease of synthesis, oligodeoksüklotiidid are indispensable tools in genomics, proteomics, and clinical diagnostics. Their utility continues to expand with advances in chemical modification and nanotechnology, allowing increasingly sophisticated control over hybridization kinetics and cellular delivery.