oligarkia

Oli garkia, or oligarchy, is a form of government in which political power is concentrated in the hands of a small group. The term comes from the Greek oligos, meaning “few,” and archē, meaning “rule.” In an oligarchy, decisions about laws, resources, and policy are made by a limited circle rather than by broad popular participation.

Core features include the concentration of power through wealth, family or clan ties, control of security forces, and influence over key economic and media channels. Oligarchic power often operates within or alongside formal democratic institutions, using patronage, clientelism, and regulatory capture to maintain influence over political processes and policy outcomes.

Historical context and variants: the concept has ancient roots in Greece, where a small elite held political authority in many city-states. In modern times, oligarchic tendencies appear in regimes described as plutocracies or mixed systems with limited pluralism, where a small elite or network exercises outsized influence. In several post-Soviet and transitional societies, a handful of business magnates and allied politicians have played dominant roles in politics, economy, and media.

Criticism and debate: common critiques argue that oligarchy erodes representation and accountability, enabling corruption and policy capture by elites. Proponents may argue that a stable, elite-led system can foster decisive action, consistency, and long-term investment, though empirical outcomes vary.

Indicators and mechanisms: high concentration of wealth among a few; ownership of media and major industries; influence over political parties, elections, and regulatory agencies; and a revolving door between business interests and government positions.

See also: oligarchy, plutocracy, elite theory, authoritarianism.