oksiditasot
oksiditasot, or oxidation states, are a chemical bookkeeping convention used to describe the degree to which an atom has been oxidized or reduced within a compound or ion. They are assigned according to a defined set of rules that reflect electron transfer in redox processes. In a neutral compound, the sum of oxidation numbers is zero; in a polyatomic ion, the sum equals the ion’s charge. An element in its standard state is assigned oxidation state 0. Hydrogen is usually +1, except in metal hydrides where it is −1. Oxygen is typically −2, with exceptions such as peroxides (−1) and when oxygen is bonded to the most electronegative element (as in OF2 where oxygen is +2). The oxidation state of every atom in a compound is chosen so that the algebraic sum matches the overall charge.
Common oxidation states appear in patterns: hydrogen +1, oxygen −2; alkali metals +1; alkaline earth metals +2;
Applications include balancing redox equations, predicting product outcomes, and understanding electron transfer in chemistry and biochemistry.