ognjenici

Ognjenici, also known as fire lizards or fire salamanders, are a group of small to medium-sized salamanders primarily found in the Balkans and parts of Central Europe. The term *ognjenici* is derived from the Croatian word for "fire," referring to their distinctive bright orange or red coloration, which serves as a warning to potential predators about their toxicity. These salamanders belong to the genus *Salamandra*, specifically the species *Salamandra salamandra*, though the name is sometimes colloquially applied to other fire-colored amphibians in the region.

Ognjenici are nocturnal creatures, spending the day hidden under rocks, logs, or in moist soil to avoid desiccation and predators. They are carnivorous, feeding primarily on insects, worms, and small invertebrates. Their diet contributes to their vibrant coloration, as certain pigments in their skin are influenced by dietary carotenoids. Unlike many amphibians, ognjenici possess a thick, waxy skin that helps reduce water loss, allowing them to thrive in drier environments compared to other salamanders.

Breeding typically occurs in early spring, with females laying clusters of eggs in freshwater habitats such as streams or ponds. The larvae, known as "fire salamander efts," undergo metamorphosis into their adult form over several months. Ognjenici are known for their defensive behavior, secreting a toxic, yellowish substance from their skin when threatened. This secretion contains salamandrine, a compound that can irritate the skin and eyes of predators, deterring attacks.

Conservation status varies by region, but ognjenici face threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. They are protected in many European countries due to their ecological importance and declining populations. Their striking appearance and ecological role make them a subject of interest in both scientific research and conservation efforts.