nîhû

Nîhû is a term originating from the Manchu language. It is often translated as "law" or "legal code." In the context of the Qing Dynasty, which was founded by the Manchus, nîhû referred to the comprehensive set of laws and regulations that governed the empire. These codes were a significant aspect of Manchu governance and aimed to maintain order and control across their vast territory.

The development of the nîhû was a gradual process, evolving over centuries of Manchu rule. It incorporated elements from earlier Chinese legal traditions as well as Manchu customs and administrative practices. The Qing legal system was known for its complexity and its emphasis on hierarchical structures and ritual. It was designed to address a wide range of issues, from criminal offenses and civil disputes to administrative procedures and social conduct.

The nîhû played a crucial role in the administration of justice and the enforcement of imperial authority. It provided a framework for legal proceedings, punishments, and the organization of the judiciary. Understanding the nîhû is essential for comprehending the political, social, and legal landscape of the Qing Dynasty and its impact on Chinese history. The term highlights the distinct Manchu contribution to the legal heritage of China.