näennäistieteet

Näennäistieteet, often translated as pseudoscience, refers to a collection of beliefs, claims, or practices that are presented as scientific but lack supporting evidence or are contradicted by established scientific consensus. These fields often mimic the language and structure of genuine science, using specialized terminology and sometimes employing experimental methods, but they fail to adhere to the rigorous standards of scientific inquiry, such as falsifiability, peer review, and reproducibility.

Key characteristics of pseudoscience include an over-reliance on anecdotal evidence, confirmation bias, and resistance to criticism. Proponents may selectively present data that supports their claims while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence. Scientific explanations are often vague or untestable, and the field may not progress or evolve in response to new discoveries. Examples of phenomena often categorized as pseudoscience include astrology, homeopathy, and certain theories of creationism. The demarcation between science and pseudoscience is a subject of ongoing philosophical debate, but generally, the lack of empirical validation and adherence to scientific methodology are central distinguishing factors. Distinguishing between genuine scientific exploration, even in nascent stages, and pseudoscientific claims is crucial for informed decision-making and understanding the natural world.