nonhodgkin

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a diverse group of lymphoid cancers that originate in lymphocytes, most commonly B cells, but also T cells and natural killer cells. It is distinct from Hodgkin lymphoma and accounts for the majority of lymphoid cancers diagnosed in adults. NHL encompasses many subtypes with variable clinical behavior, from indolent to highly aggressive. The disease often presents with painless swelling of lymph nodes, usually in the neck, armpit, or groin, but it can involve extranodal sites such as the stomach, intestine, skin, or brain. B symptoms—fever, night sweats, and unintended weight loss—may accompany advanced disease.

Classification typically separates B-cell lymphomas from T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas. Common subtypes include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphomas. Diagnosis relies on tissue biopsy with histology and immunophenotyping, supported by imaging (CT or PET) and laboratory tests. Staging uses the Ann Arbor system to assess disease extent.

Treatment depends on subtype, stage, and patient factors. Regimens such as R-CHOP (rituximab with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) are standard for many aggressive B-cell lymphomas, while radiotherapy, targeted therapies, or observation may be appropriate for some indolent forms. Prognosis varies widely by subtype and stage; some NHLs respond long-term to therapy, while others are more challenging to treat.

Advances in biologic therapies have improved outcomes for many patients and continue to shape treatment approaches.