nondemocracy

Nondemocracy is a term used to describe political systems in which power is concentrated in a leader or a small ruling elite and is not constrained by free, competitive elections and broad civil liberties. In nondemocracies, political participation and opposition are often limited, and the rule of law is subordinate to political authorities. Democracy and nondemocracy exist on a spectrum, but nondemocratic regimes share a lack of regular, fair elections, restricted pluralism, and restricted or controlled civil rights.

Nondemocracy encompasses a range of regime types, including autocracies, one-party states, personalist regimes, monarchies, military regimes, and oligarchies. Elections, if they occur, are typically managed to ensure outcomes favorable to the ruling group; opposition parties may be banned or tightly restricted; the media is censored or state-controlled; and security forces or loyal militias are used to suppress dissent. Political leaders often rely on patronage, censorship, and judiciary manipulation to maintain power, with limited avenues for peaceful transfer of authority. Civil society and independent institutions are usually constrained.

Measurement and debate: scholars assess nondemocracy by indicators that capture political competition, civil liberties, and institutional independence. Indices such as Freedom House and Varieties of Democracy categorize regimes along a democracy–nondemocracy axis and in finer gradations. The term covers a spectrum from highly centralized authoritarian systems to more managed or competitive authoritarian arrangements. While nondemocracies can offer stability or economic gains in some cases, they are typically associated with restricted rights, limited accountability, and higher risks for dissent and rights abuses. Historical and contemporary examples span various regions and structural forms.