nitrogendoped

Nitrogendoped refers to materials in which nitrogen atoms have been incorporated into the lattice or structure to modify properties. It is most common in carbon materials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and porous carbons, but can also apply to metal oxides, carbides, and polymers. Nitrogen can occupy various bonding configurations, including pyridinic, pyrrolic, graphitic (quaternary), and oxidized nitrogen, each imparting distinct electronic and chemical effects.

Synthesis methods for nitrogendoped materials include chemical vapor deposition with nitrogen-containing precursors, post-synthesis treatments such as ammonia or nitrogen plasma exposure, and pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich polymers or precursors like melamine, urea, or acetonitrile-impregnated carbons. The chosen route influences the distribution of nitrogen configurations and the surface area of the material.

Properties and effects of nitrogen doping include the introduction of localized electronic states and modified charge density, which can enhance electron transfer, catalytic activity, and chemical reactivity. In carbon materials, nitrogen doping often improves oxygen reduction reaction activity, increases electronic conductivity, and enhances adsorption of polar molecules.

Applications encompass energy storage and conversion, including electrode materials for supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, and electrocatalysis for fuel cells (ORR and OER). Nitrogendoped carbons are also explored for CO2 reduction, photocatalysis, and sensing, as well as as supports for metal catalysts.

Characterization and challenges involve techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to identify nitrogen species, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Key challenges include precise control of nitrogen configuration and concentration, stability during cycling, scalability of synthesis, and overall cost.