neutropènies

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are a crucial component of the innate immune system, and their deficiency leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.

The causes of neutropenia are diverse and can be broadly categorized as congenital or acquired. Congenital neutropenias are genetic disorders present from birth, such as severe congenital neutropenia (also known as Kostmann syndrome) or cyclic neutropenia, where neutrophil counts fluctuate. Acquired neutropenia develops later in life due to various factors. These include certain medications, particularly chemotherapy drugs used in cancer treatment, which suppress bone marrow production of blood cells. Autoimmune disorders, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys neutrophils, are another significant cause. Infections, especially viral infections like influenza or mononucleosis, can temporarily reduce neutrophil counts. Other causes include vitamin deficiencies (like B12 or folate), bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia or leukemia, and certain nutritional deficiencies.

Symptoms of neutropenia vary depending on the severity of the neutrophil deficiency. Mild neutropenia may be asymptomatic, while severe neutropenia can lead to recurrent infections, often with common bacteria or fungi. These infections can manifest as fever, chills, sore throat, mouth sores, skin infections, pneumonia, or urinary tract infections. Prompt medical attention is crucial for individuals with neutropenia to diagnose and manage infections effectively and to investigate the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on addressing the root cause, such as discontinuing offending medications, managing autoimmune conditions, or providing supportive care during chemotherapy. In some cases, medications that stimulate neutrophil production, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), may be used.