neuroticizmus
Neuroticism, sometimes referred to as neuroticizmus in some languages, is a core dimension of personality in the Five-Factor Model. It reflects the tendency to experience negative emotions—such as anxiety, sadness, anger, and guilt—and to perceive situations as threatening. Individuals high in neuroticism typically exhibit emotional instability, rapid mood changes, and heightened stress reactivity, whereas those low in neuroticism tend to be calmer, more emotionally resilient, and less prone to distress.
Measurement of neuroticism uses self-report inventories that place the trait on a continuum. Common tools include
Associations and implications: high neuroticism is linked to an increased risk of mood and anxiety disorders,
Development and stability: neuroticism shows substantial heritability, with estimates around 40–60% in twin studies. It remains
Cross-cultural and methodological notes: neuroticism appears as a robust trait across cultures, though mean levels and