neurones

Neurones are specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit information through electrical impulses and chemical signals. They form networks that process sensory data, generate thoughts, regulate bodily functions, and coordinate movement. Structurally they share features with other cells but have unique compartments: a soma (cell body), dendrites that receive inputs, and a long axon that conducts impulses to target cells. Many neurones are insulated by myelin, produced by glial cells, which increases conduction speed.

The basic signaling mechanism involves the resting membrane potential, maintained by ion gradients and membrane pumps. When a neurone is activated, voltage-gated channels open, generating an action potential that travels along the axon. At terminals, electrical signals trigger the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse, which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neurone or effector cells, modulating their activity.

Neurones are diverse in morphology and function. Sensory neurones convey information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system; motor neurones transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands; interneurones connect neurones within neural circuits. Neural circuits underlie perception, learning, and behavior. Synaptic connections are not static; they can strengthen or weaken with activity, supporting plasticity and memory formation.

Development and diversity: neurones arise from progenitor cells during embryonic development, with maturation and migration shaping neural networks. Glial cells support neurones in metabolism, insulation, and repair. Dysfunctions in neurones or their connections contribute to many neurological disorders, including epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuropathies.