neuromodulaation
Neuromodulation refers to mechanisms and interventions that alter nervous system activity to influence brain function and behavior. The term covers intrinsic, endogenous modulation by neurochemical systems as well as therapeutic approaches that modify neural activity through electrical, magnetic, chemical, or optical means. It encompasses both natural processes and externally applied technologies used to treat symptoms or alter brain networks.
Endogenous neuromodulation involves specialized neurons and signaling molecules that regulate network dynamics beyond fast synaptic transmission.
Exogenous neuromodulation includes electrical, magnetic, pharmacological, and optogenetic approaches used in research and clinical practice. Electrical
Clinically, neuromodulation is used for chronic pain, movement disorders (such as Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, and