nefes

Nefes is the Turkish noun for breath or respiration. It denotes the act of taking air into the lungs and expelling it again. In everyday language, phrases such as nefes almak (to breathe in) and nefes vermek (to breathe out) are common, and the term also appears in figurative expressions related to vitality and relief.

Etymology and usage in Turkish reflect its role as a basic, native concept. The word is widely attested in Old Turkish and Ottoman Turkish and has cognates in other Turkic languages. While related forms and historical derivations can vary, nefes remains the standard term for respiration across Turkish-speaking communities.

Physiology and mechanics are fundamental to understanding nefes. Breathing involves the inhalation that expands the chest cavity and the diaphragm and intercostal muscles as primary drivers, followed by exhalation that is often passive at rest. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled. Breathing rate and depth are normally regulated automatically by the brainstem but can be consciously altered. Resting rates typically range from about 12 to 20 breaths per minute, and factors such as activity, stress, and health influence breathing patterns. Carbon dioxide levels and blood pH are important regulatory signals.

Health and practice note that breathing patterns can reflect and affect well-being. Techniques for controlled breathing and breathwork are used in relaxation, meditation, and therapy, and nasal breathing is generally encouraged to filter and humidify air. Abnormal breathing, shortness of breath (dyspnea), or disordered breathing can indicate medical conditions requiring evaluation.