naturalisation

Naturalisation is the legal act by which a person who is not a citizen at birth becomes a citizen of a country through a formal process. It is one of the main routes to acquiring nationality, alongside jus soli (birth within a territory) and jus sanguinis (birth to citizen parents). Naturalisation is governed by a country's nationality or citizenship laws and is distinct from simply obtaining a passport or permanent residence.

Common requirements include lawful residence for a specified period, usually with continuous presence, evidence of language ability and knowledge of the country’s civics, a demonstration of good character (often a background and security check), and an intention to settle or reside in the country. Applications may also require financial self-sufficiency, loyalty to the state, and sometimes renunciation of former citizenship, though many countries permit dual citizenship.

The process typically involves submitting an application, supporting documents, and fees, followed by an assessment and decision by a government authority. If approved, the applicant may attend a naturalisation ceremony or oath, after which a certificate of naturalisation is issued and a citizenship passport may be obtained. Rights and duties, including voting and allegiance, take effect on naturalisation.

Some groups may be granted facilitated naturalisation, such as spouses of citizens, recognized refugees, or stateless persons. Children may acquire citizenship automatically or through a parent’s naturalisation. Jurisdictions differ in dual or multiple citizenship rules, residency requirements, and processing times, reflecting diverse national policies on immigration and integration.