nanoskalës

Nanoskalès is a term used to describe materials, structures, or devices whose dimensions fall in the nanoscale, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers. The term is used across disciplines such as physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering; spelling variants exist in different languages.

Properties at the nanoscale can differ from bulk behavior due to quantum confinement, increased surface area to volume, and defects becoming more influential. This can affect electronic, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties, leading to size-dependent color, enhanced catalytic activity, or altered electrical conductivity.

Fabrication and characterization of nanoskalès rely on both top-down and bottom-up approaches. Top-down methods include lithography and milling to carve features, while bottom-up methods involve chemical synthesis, self-assembly, or biological templating. Characterization relies on electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and spectroscopy to resolve sizes, shapes, and surface chemistry.

Applications span multiple fields. In electronics, nanoscale structures enable smaller transistors and faster devices. In medicine, nanoparticles are explored for targeted drug delivery and imaging. In energy and catalysis, nanomaterials improve efficiency and performance in batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. Nanoskalès also underpin advanced sensors with high sensitivity and specificity.

Challenges include scaling production with uniform properties, integrating nanoscale components into larger systems, and addressing health, safety, and environmental concerns. Regulatory frameworks and standardization efforts are ongoing to guide research and commercialization.

See also: nanotechnology, nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, quantum dots.