nadledviny
Nadledviny, or adrenal glands, are two small endocrine glands perched on the upper poles of the kidneys. They form part of the endocrine system and secrete hormones that regulate metabolism, fluid balance, stress responses and blood pressure.
Anatomy: Each nadledvina consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The cortex has three zones:
Function and regulation: Cortisol, aldosterone and catecholamines influence metabolism, electrolyte balance and cardiovascular responses. Cortisol is
Clinical relevance: Notable disorders include Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing’s syndrome (excess cortisol), congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Development and anatomy: The cortex derives from mesoderm, the medulla from neural crest cells. Blood supply