muskox

The muskox (Ovibos moschatus) is a large, hoofed mammal in the bovine family native to the Arctic regions of North America and Greenland. It forms part of the tundra ecosystem and has also been introduced to parts of northern Europe. Muskox populations occur in small, isolated groups across these regions, with separate herds typically led by older bulls.

Physically, muskoxen are stocky and compact, with a thick, shaggy double coat that provides exceptional insulation. The inner layer, or undercoat, is called qiviut and is highly valued for its softness and warmth. Adults have long, curved horns that both sexes possess, though males’ horns are larger and used in battles for dominance. Calves are born after a long winter and are initially covered by a protective mantle of fur.

Behaviorally, muskoxen are gregarious and form herds that may include females, calves, and yearlings, often with a separate bachelor group of males. When threatened, they may form a defensive circle or line, presenting horns outward to protect the younger animals. They are primarily herbivorous, feeding on grasses, sedges, and Arctic shrubs; in winter they graze on lichens and dig through snow to reach forage.

Reproduction occurs seasonally, with a gestation period of about eight to nine months. Usually a single calf is born in spring, and it stays with its mother for several months. Muskoxen have adapted well to cold climates, but populations have been historically affected by hunting and climate change; many are now protected, and several herds are recovering. The muskox is listed as Least Concern by major conservation databases. The name derives from the musk secreted by males for signaling during the breeding season.