multivitamin

Multivitamins are dietary supplements that provide a combination of vitamins and minerals intended to supplement a person’s daily intake. A typical multivitamin-mineral product contains essential micronutrients such as vitamins A, C, D, E, and B-complex vitamins, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and iodine. Some formulations include trace minerals or extra ingredients. They are offered as tablets, capsules, gummies, or powders and are marketed to fill nutritional gaps in those with incomplete diets or higher needs.

Common uses include general health maintenance for adults with suboptimal diets, prenatal formulations with folic acid and iron, and age- or gender-specific versions for special populations. They should not be used as a substitute for a varied, balanced diet or prescribed therapy.

Evidence on health outcomes for healthy individuals is mixed. Multivitamins can prevent vitamin or mineral deficiencies in groups at risk, such as pregnant women or older adults, but large trials have shown limited evidence that they prevent chronic diseases or extend lifespan in the general population. Potential risks include exceeding safe intake with high-dose products, interactions with medications, and adverse effects like gastrointestinal upset or iron overload in susceptible people. Consult a clinician before use if pregnant, nursing, or taking prescription medicines.

Regulation varies by country. In many jurisdictions, multivitamins are classified as dietary supplements rather than medicines, with labeling requirements and claims limited to nutrient amounts and health maintenance rather than disease treatment. Quality and content can vary; some products undergo third-party testing.