mucogingivale

Mucogingival refers to the relationship between the gingival tissues and the surrounding mucosa of the mouth. In dental terminology, it often involves the mucogingival junction, which marks the boundary between the keratinized attached gingiva and the nonkeratinized alveolar mucosa. Clinically, the width of attached gingiva and the depth of the vestibule are important considerations in assessing mucogingival health.

Anatomically, the attached gingiva extends from the gingival sulcus to the mucogingival junction and is bound to the underlying bone. The alveolar mucosa lies apical to the junction and is more mobile and nonkeratinized. The mucogingival area supports tooth stability and plays a role in protecting the periodontium from trauma and inflammation. The width of attached gingiva can vary by tooth and individual, and insufficient attached gingiva is considered a mucogingival defect in some cases. Measurement is typically done from the mucogingival junction to the crest of the gingival margin.

Mucogingival defects arise from factors such as thin periodontal biotype, inflammation, orthodontic tooth movement, frenal tension, or recession. Common problems include a shallow vestibule, lack of attached gingiva, and gingival recession with root exposure. These conditions can complicate plaque control and affect aesthetics and comfort.

Management often involves periodontal plastic procedures aimed at augmenting attached gingiva or covering exposed roots. Techniques include free gingival grafts, connective tissue grafts, coronally or apically positioned flaps, and vestibuloplasty or frenectomy when indicated. Treatment is individualized to restore function, health, and appearance while preserving periodontal stability.