morphogénesis

Morphogénesis, or morphogenesis, is the biological process by which cells, tissues, and organs acquire their shape and spatial organization during development. It encompasses the emergence of anatomical patterns, the size and shape of organs, and the overall body plan. The process results from integrated genetic programs, signaling pathways, and mechanical forces that drive cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion, and programmed cell death.

Key drivers include morphogens, diffusible signaling molecules that create concentration gradients to specify cell fates; examples include Hedgehog, Wnt, BMPs, and auxin in plants. Reaction-diffusion models by Alan Turing provide mathematical explanations for periodic patterns like digits or stripes. Classic experimental insights come from the Spemann–Mangold organizer in amphibian embryos and later lineage tracing and genetic tools.

In animals, morphogenesis shapes tissues such as the neural tube, limbs, and organs; in plants, morphogenesis involves meristem activity, organ formation, and leaf or flower patterning, largely guided by auxin distribution and cell-wall remodeling.

Mutations or environmental factors affecting morphogenesis can cause congenital malformations or developmental disorders; understanding morphogenesis informs regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Further reading includes developmental biology, pattern formation, and the concept of morphogens.