monophysical

Monophysical is an adjective used in theological and philosophical contexts. It describes a belief or doctrine that asserts the existence of only one fundamental nature or substance. This contrasts with dualistic views that propose two distinct natures, or pluralistic views that suggest multiple fundamental substances.

In Christian theology, the term monophysical is primarily associated with certain Christological doctrines that emerged during early church councils. Specifically, it refers to views that, in their emphasis on the unity of Christ, were perceived by some as downplaying or denying the distinctness of his divine and human natures. While proponents of these views often sought to maintain the unity of the God-man, critics argued that their monophysical stance effectively reduced Christ's nature to a single, undifferentiated entity. This was seen as potentially compromising either his divinity or his humanity.

The Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD, a pivotal event in Christological debate, ultimately rejected monophysical Christologies. It affirmed the doctrine of two natures in Christ, united without confusion, change, division, or separation. This Chalcedonian formulation became the orthodox position for most major Christian traditions.

The concept of monophysicality can also appear in broader philosophical discussions about metaphysics, where it relates to the idea of monism – the view that reality is ultimately composed of a single substance or principle.