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Monitoring refers to the continuous observation and tracking of a system, process, or environment to gather data and identify changes or anomalies. The primary goal of monitoring is to gain insight into the current state, performance, and health of the subject being observed. This data can then be used for a variety of purposes, including detecting problems, predicting future behavior, optimizing operations, and ensuring compliance with specific standards or requirements.

In many technical contexts, monitoring involves collecting metrics such as resource utilization (CPU, memory, network), application performance indicators (response times, error rates), and security events. These metrics are typically collected by specialized software agents or tools and aggregated into a central system for analysis. Alerts can be configured to notify stakeholders when predefined thresholds are crossed or when specific patterns are detected, enabling prompt intervention.

Beyond IT systems, monitoring can be applied to a wide range of fields. In environmental science, it might involve tracking air or water quality. In healthcare, patient vital signs are continuously monitored. Manufacturing processes are monitored to ensure product quality and efficiency. The fundamental principle remains the same: observe, collect data, and use that data to understand and manage the observed entity effectively. The effectiveness of monitoring relies on selecting the right metrics, implementing appropriate tools, and establishing clear objectives for the data collected.