moessons

Moessons, in Dutch-language usage, refers to monsoons—the large-scale seasonal wind systems and associated rainfall patterns experienced in certain tropical regions. The term moesson derives from the Portuguese monção via other European languages; in Dutch the plural form is moessons and is used in reference to the various monsoon systems around the world.

The most prominent moesson systems occur in Asia, notably the South Asian monsoon over the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia, where the summer rains are followed by a dry season. A West African moesson affects the Sahel and adjacent regions, while a North American moesson influences the southwestern United States and parts of Mexico.

Moesson rainfall is driven by seasonal heating differences between land and sea, causing moisture-laden winds to reverse direction. The Intertropical Convergence Zone migrates with the seasons, and the monsoon trough can organize heavy rainfall, especially in summer. Global patterns, including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, modulate interannual variability.

Monsoons are essential for agriculture and water resources in many regions, supporting crops such as rice and maize. They also pose hazards, with floods, landslides, and crop failures when rains are excessive or poorly timed.

Ongoing research in climatology, meteorology, and disaster risk management examines moessons to understand onset dates, rainfall distribution, and extremes, particularly under climate change, which is expected to alter monsoon timing and intensity in many areas.