miso

Miso is a traditional Japanese fermented paste used as a seasoning and condiment. It is made primarily from soybeans, salt, and koji, a fermenting starter typically Aspergillus oryzae. Some miso also incorporate grains such as rice or barley, which influence flavor, texture, and color. The mixture is fermented for varying lengths of time, from a few weeks to several years.

Styles and varieties are often described by color and strength. White miso (shiro) is pale and mild, while red miso (aka) is darker and more robust. Mixed or awase miso blends white and red for a balanced flavor. In addition, there are grain-based miso varieties such as barley-based mugi miso and rice-based genmai miso. Hatcho miso is a dark, very strong style made mainly from soybeans and aged for an extended period; it is typically sold in solid blocks.

Uses and preparation: Miso is most commonly used in soups, such as miso soup, but it also serves as a seasoning, glaze, marinade, or dressing component in a wide range of dishes. It dissolves easily in warm or hot liquids, contributing umami and salt. Cooking miso for long periods or at high heat can diminish delicate flavors and reduce any live cultures present in some pastes.

Nutrition and safety: Miso provides protein, minerals, and fermentation-derived compounds, but it is high in sodium. Some miso contains gluten if barley or other grains are used, so label reading is advised for those with gluten sensitivity. Many miso pastes are pasteurized, which can reduce live cultures; heating before serving can also lessen probiotic effects.

History and cultural role: Miso originated in East Asia and became a staple in Japanese cuisine by the medieval period, evolving into many regional styles. Today it is produced worldwide and used in a variety of traditional and contemporary dishes.