misinnervation
Misinnervation refers to erroneous reinnervation of muscles after nerve injury, in which regenerating axons connect to inappropriate targets, resulting in abnormal motor control. It is most often described after peripheral nerve injuries or surgical nerve repairs, when regenerating fibers lose precise guidance and form connections with non-target muscles or regions, producing synkinesis or unintended contractions.
Causes and mechanisms involve misdirected axonal growth during recovery, sometimes with polyneuronal innervation of a single
Clinical features depend on the muscles involved but commonly include involuntary contractions that occur with voluntary
Diagnosis relies on clinical history and examination. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies can reveal overlapping
Management is individualized and may include physical therapy with neuromuscular retraining, botulinum toxin injections to reduce