miscalculation

A miscalculation is the result of an arithmetic or computational process that is incorrect. It occurs when the outcome of a calculation deviates from the true value due to errors in data, assumptions, methods, or execution. Miscalculations can occur in mathematics, science, engineering, finance, and everyday tasks, and they differ from misjudgments, which involve flawed conclusions rather than faulty computations.

Causes include human errors in arithmetic, mis-entry of numbers, transcription mistakes, incorrect formulas or unit conversions, insufficient precision, rounding or truncation, and bugs in software or calculation models. Systematic errors arise from persistent biases in data or models, while random errors accumulate as calculations proceed.

Types include arithmetic or algebraic miscalculations, numerical approximation errors such as rounding or floating-point precision limits, and model miscalibration where inputs or rules do not reflect reality. Cumulative rounding error can build across multiple steps.

Consequences range from minor to severe, affecting budgets, engineering safety, scientific results, and policy decisions when relied upon. Prevention relies on verification and validation, independent checks, automated tests, unit analysis of errors, sensitivity analysis, and clear documentation of assumptions and data sources.

In practice, recognizing potential miscalculations involves error analysis, repeat measurements, cross-checks with alternative methods, and maintaining traceability of data and formulas. See also error, accuracy, precision, and calculation error.