misalign

Misalign is a verb meaning to position something so that it is not properly aligned. Misalignment is the resulting state where parts, features, or data do not share a common reference line or plane. The term is used across engineering, manufacturing, optics, and information technology to describe deviations from intended alignment.

In mechanical engineering, misalignment occurs when components such as shafts, couplings, or bearings are not coaxial or parallel. It can be axial, angular, or lateral. Causes include improper assembly, wear, thermal expansion, manufacturing tolerances, or foundation movement. The effects include vibration, increased wear, premature failure, reduced performance, and noise.

In optical and precision instrumentation, misalignment refers to imperfect positioning of lenses, mirrors, sensors, or optical paths. It degrades focus, calibration, field of view, and measurement accuracy. Alignment is critical in applications such as laser systems, telescopes, microscopes, and metrology equipment.

Detection and correction involve measurement and adjustment. Tools include dial indicators, laser trackers, autocollimators, straight edges, and runout gauges. Corrections may involve repositioning components, shims, adjustable mounts, or reengineering fixtures. After correction, reinspection confirms alignment under operating conditions, including thermal effects and dynamic loads.

Other uses include data and typography. In computing, memory or data alignment refers to arranging data with proper boundaries for performance and correctness; misalignment can cause inefficiency or faults. In typography and UI design, misalignment refers to elements not aligning to a baseline or grid, reducing readability.