minoksidil

Minoxidil is a vasodilator medication used primarily as a topical treatment for androgenetic alopecia (pattern hair loss) in both men and women. It is also available as an oral antihypertensive agent, though its hair growth effects are usually a secondary outcome when used for blood pressure control. Topical formulations come as solutions (commonly 2% and 5%) and as a foam.

The exact mechanism by which minoxidil promotes hair growth is not fully understood. It is thought to act as a potassium channel opener that causes vasodilation and increases blood flow to hair follicles, potentially prolonging the anagen (growth) phase of the hair cycle.

For hair loss, topical minoxidil is typically applied to the affected scalp twice daily. Effects are usually seen after several months of continuous use, and regrowth is not permanent; stopping treatment often leads to loss of the gained hair within months.

Common adverse effects include local scalp irritation, itching, and dermatitis. Unwanted hair growth on adjacent skin or elsewhere can occur. Systemic hypotension is rare but possible with significant absorption, and other reported effects include dizziness, edema, and tachycardia.

Oral minoxidil (brand name Loniten) remains a treatment for resistant hypertension and is not a first-line therapy for hair loss; its use can be accompanied by hypertrichosis and cardiovascular side effects requiring medical supervision.

Minoxidil is available over the counter in many regions as a topical product. Women may use lower-concentration formulations for tolerability. As with any medication, guidance from a healthcare provider is advised, particularly during pregnancy or breastfeeding.