mikrofonien

A microphone is a transducer that converts acoustic energy into an electrical signal. It is used to capture voice and instruments for recording, broadcasting, telecommunications, and public address. Key performance factors include sensitivity, frequency response, noise, and directionality.

There are several transduction principles. Dynamic (moving‑coil) microphones use a diaphragm attached to a voice coil in a magnetic field; sound moves the diaphragm and induces voltage in the coil. They are rugged and tolerate high sound pressure levels. Condenser microphones create a capacitor with a charged gap; diaphragm movement changes capacitance and produces output, but they require external power (phantom power, typically 48 V, or a battery). Ribbon microphones use a thin foil in a magnetic field, offering a smooth, natural response but are more fragile. Electret condenser microphones have a permanently charged diaphragm, reducing power needs for some designs.

Microphones also differ in pickup patterns. Omnidirectional mics capture sound from all directions; cardioid and super‑cardioid patterns emphasize the front with varying rear rejection; bidirectional mics pick up from the front and back. Pattern choice affects feedback control, room acoustics, and isolation. Other specifications include impedance, self‑noise, and maximum sound pressure level.

Common uses span studio recording, live sound, broadcast, and video production. Professional mics typically use XLR connections and may require external power for condensers; consumer models may use USB or 3.5 mm jacks. The selection of a microphone depends on application, environment, and budget, with tradeoffs between durability, fidelity, and ease of use.