mikroelement

A mikroelement, in nutrition and biology, is a chemical element that is required by living organisms in very small amounts to maintain health, growth, and normal functioning. In human nutrition these elements are commonly called trace elements, distinguishing them from macros elements needed in larger amounts. The exact essential list can vary by species, but in humans several elements are consistently recognized as essential.

Common essential mikroelements for humans include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, and fluoride, with cobalt considered essential because it is a component of vitamin B12. These elements serve as cofactors for enzymes, participate in signaling and DNA synthesis, contribute to antioxidant defense, and support various metabolic pathways. For example, iron is central to oxygen transport in hemoglobin, iodine is required for thyroid hormone production, selenium and zinc support antioxidant enzymes, and manganese and copper participate in connective tissue formation and metabolism.

Dietary sources are diverse, including meat, seafood, dairy, grains, fruits and vegetables, and fortified foods. Absorption can be affected by dietary factors; phytates and polyphenols can reduce uptake of iron and zinc, while vitamin C can enhance iron absorption. Deficiencies lead to specific health problems such as anemia (iron), goiter or cretinism (iodine), impaired immune and growth function (zinc), or thyroid and metabolic disturbances (selenium, copper). Excess intake of mikroelements can be toxic, with dose-dependent risks.

Recommended intakes vary by age and sex and are established by health authorities. In practice, a balanced diet generally provides adequate mikroelements for most people, though certain populations may require supplementation under medical guidance.