mikroangiopatiat

Mikroangiopatiat, also known as microangiopathy, refers to a group of diseases that damage the small blood vessels, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules. The condition is characterized by thickening of vessel walls, narrowing of lumina, and reduced blood flow, which can impair the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

Typical causes of mikroangiopatiat include long‑term hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, certain infections such as HIV and hepatitis, and congenital disorders like hereditary bleeding disorders. In diabetic microangiopathy, chronic hyperglycemia leads to advanced glycation end‑products that damage endothelial cells. Hypertensive microangiopathy arises from sustained high blood pressure that forces the vessel walls to remodel and stiffen.

Symptoms depend on the affected organ systems. Neurological manifestations can include cognitive decline, vision changes, or persistent headaches. Renal involvement may present as proteinuria, hematuria, or progressive loss of kidney function. In the skin, patients may notice purpura, ulcerations, or delayed wound healing. Cardiovascular signs may involve chest pain or ischemic symptoms due to coronary microvascular disease.

Diagnosis is accomplished through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests such as serum creatinine, HbA1c, and imaging studies (ultrasound, MRI, or angiography) that assess blood flow in capillaries and small vessels. Skin biopsies and retinal examinations can also reveal characteristic pathological changes.

Treatment focuses on controlling underlying risk factors. Tight glucose and blood pressure management, lipid control, smoking cessation, and use of antiplatelet agents are common strategies. In some cases, vasodilators or renin‑angiotensin system inhibitors are prescribed to improve microvascular perfusion. Prognosis varies according to etiology and disease severity; early detection and comprehensive management can slow progression and reduce complications.