migrazione

Migration, or migrazione in Italian, refers to the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling, whether temporarily or permanently. It includes internal migration within a country and international migration across borders, as well as returns and cycles of movement known as circular migration.

Drive factors are commonly categorized as push factors (conditions that push people away from their origin, such as conflict, poverty, or environmental degradation) and pull factors (attractions at the destination, such as jobs, safety, or family reunification).

Types and patterns include labor migration, family reunification, study-related migration, and forced migration, which comprises refugees and asylum seekers. Irregular or undocumented migration occurs when people move without legal authorization. Seasonal migration follows agricultural or tourism cycles.

Impacts are multidimensional. Destination countries may gain in labor supply and remittances, while facing integration and social cohesion challenges. Origin countries can receive remittances but may experience brain drain. Demographic effects include aging populations and changes in urbanization.

Measurement relies on national censuses, immigration and emigration statistics, and international data from organizations such as the International Organization for Migration and the United Nations. Policy frameworks address border management, visa regimes, protection of migrants, and integration programs.

Global governance includes the Global Compact for Migration, adopted by the United Nations in 2018, which seeks to coordinate responses among states and nonstate actors. Debates emphasize humanitarian protections, rights of migrants, and the ethics of migration governance.