migracija

Migracija, or migration, is the process of moving from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently. In human contexts, migration can occur within a country (internal migration) or across borders (international migration). It can be voluntary, driven by economic opportunity or education, or forced, as in cases of conflict, persecution, or disasters. Seasonal and circular migration are common in agriculture and labor markets, while return migration describes people who go back to their origin after a period away.

Impacts of migration include demographic changes, shifts in labor markets, urbanization, and cultural exchange, as well as social tensions in some cases. Sending regions may experience aging populations or brain drain, while receiving regions may face integration challenges but also potential economic growth. Policy responses vary widely by country and over time and can include visas, asylum procedures, border controls, and integration programs. Mobility is often shaped by bilateral or regional agreements, economic conditions, and security considerations.

In biology, migration refers to regular, seasonal movement of animals between habitats, such as birds migrating south for winter or salmon returning to freshwater streams to breed. Triggers include changes in day length (photoperiod), temperature, and resource availability, while navigation mechanisms may involve magnetism, celestial cues, learning, and social information. Migration patterns influence ecosystem dynamics and are central to studies in ecology, evolution, and conservation.

Data on migration are collected through censuses, population registers, surveys, and administrative records. International organizations and national statistical agencies analyze these movements to understand trends, impacts, and policy needs. Global patterns show rising mobility in many regions, aging populations in others, and increasing displacement due to conflict and climate-related factors.