microdamage

Microdamage refers to damage that occurs at length scales below a material's or tissue's macroscopic failure. It includes microcracks, voids, crazing, and diffuse damage that is not visible as a single large flaw. Microdamage can alter local properties and affect subsequent loading responses without immediately causing fracture.

In engineering materials, microdamage arises from cyclic loading, thermal stresses, wear, or environmental effects. In biological tissues such as bone, repetitive mechanical loading creates microdamage that tends to accumulate with age and activity. In bone, microdamage is not only a sign of damage accumulation; it also serves as a cue for remodeling, guiding the replacement of damaged tissue.

Detection and characterization rely on imaging and non-destructive techniques. Microcomputed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and histology reveal microcracks and diffuse damage in prepared specimens. Non-destructive methods such as acoustic emission or advanced imaging can monitor damage progression in situ.

Effects of microdamage depend on context. Locally, it reduces stiffness and strength and can concentrate stresses that promote macroscopic crack initiation. In bone, microdamage triggers remodeling by signaling osteocytes and recruiting osteoclasts and osteoblasts to replace damaged bone and maintain tissue integrity.

Research and engineering practice use damage mechanics to model the initiation and growth of microdamage and its impact on durability. Design for damage tolerance, fatigue life estimation, and condition monitoring aim to predict and mitigate microdamage in structures, while in medicine, understanding bone microdamage informs treatments related to aging and osteoporosis.