metall

Metall, commonly translated as metal in English, denotes a broad class of elements and alloys that share certain physical and chemical properties. Metals are typically opaque, lustrous, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Most exhibit metallic bonding, high density, and high melting points. They occur as pure elements or as alloys formed by combining elements. Common alloys include steel (iron and carbon), bronze (copper and tin), and brass (copper and zinc).

Metals are broadly categorized into ferrous metals, which contain iron, and non-ferrous metals, which do not. Ferrous metals often offer high strength and magnetic properties, but may be prone to corrosion if not treated. Non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, copper, nickel, and titanium are typically more resistant to corrosion and lighter, though their strength varies widely. Some metals are considered noble or precious, including gold, silver, and platinum.

Production begins with ore extraction and concentration, followed by smelting and refining to obtain metal from oxides or sulfides. Finished metals are then processed by casting, forging, rolling, extrusion, or powder metallurgy to form components and products. Alloys are engineered to improve properties such as strength, hardness, or wear resistance. Metals are widely recycled; melting scrap metals saves energy and reduces environmental impact.

Applications span construction, transportation, electronics, machinery, and energy. The choice of metal depends on properties required, such as strength-to-weight ratio, conductivity, corrosion resistance, and cost. Economic and environmental considerations drive ongoing research in extraction efficiency, alloy design, and recycling technologies.