meskipun

Meskipun is a concessive conjunction in Indonesian that means "although" or "even though." It introduces a subordinate clause that presents a condition or situation contrasting with the main clause, signaling that the main clause occurs despite the state described in the subordinate clause. The structure is typically [Meskipun + subordinate clause], main clause, as in Meskipun hujan deras, kami tetap berjalan.

Grammatically, the clause that follows meskipun is usually a finite clause in the indicative mood, and the main clause states the actual outcome or action. The order can also be reversed, for example: Kami tetap berjalan meskipun hujan deras. Both orders are acceptable, but starting with meskipun is common in formal writing and in many edited texts.

Meskipun belongs to a family of concessive conjunctions that includes walaupun and meski. While these words are often interchangeable, there are subtle differences in tone. Meskipun tends to be more formal or literary, walaupun is widely used in everyday speech, and meski is a shorter, less formal variant. Regional preferences can also affect usage.

Examples:

- Meskipun cuaca buruk, mereka melanjutkan perjalanan.

- Meskipun dia lelah, dia tetap menyelesaikan tugasnya.

- Kami datang tanpa ragu meskipun jalanan licin.

In sum, meskipun is a key tool for expressing contrast between assumed conditions and actual results, with usage that spans formal writing and everyday Indonesian.