masts

Masts are vertical structural members that support sails on sailing vessels and are also used to carry equipment on land. On ships, a mast rises above the hull as a strong spar from which sails, yards, and rigging are suspended. In modern contexts, the term also applies to tall towers used to support antennas and other equipment.

On sailing ships, masts are usually named by position, such as mainmast, foremast, and mizzenmast. They are kept upright by standing rigging, including shrouds and stays, and their sails are controlled with running rigging such as halyards and sheets. The mast structure may include sections, caps, and fittings.

Materials have evolved from timber to iron and steel, and today aluminum alloys and composite materials like carbon fiber are common in high-performance vessels. Wooden masts require regular maintenance to prevent rot, while metal masts require anticorrosive protection and inspection for fatigue.

Beyond ships, tall masts serve as telecommunication and broadcasting towers, radio masts, and solar or navigation aids in coastal areas. These land-based masts are often guyed or self-supporting and may carry antennas, radar, lighting, and sensors.

Design and engineering considerations include bearing wind loads, compressive strength, rigidity, and vibration resistance. Masts must withstand gusts, sway, and dynamic forces, with rigging and foundations providing stability. Regular inspection and maintenance help prevent corrosion, wear, and structural failure.