mastering

Mastering is a final step in audio production, the process of preparing a completed mix for distribution. It follows mixing and aims to optimize sound quality across playback systems, media formats, and listening environments. Mastering is distinct from the creative work of mixing, focusing instead on polish, consistency, and compatibility.

A mastering engineer analyzes the overall sonic balance, dynamic range, tonal character, stereo image, and loudness of a project. Typical tasks include applying EQ and compression or limiting to control loudness and peaks, adjusting spectral balance, and ensuring a coherent sound across an album. Other duties include sequencing tracks, determining track gaps, and embedding metadata and track timing. The engineer may also prepare different masters for various formats such as CD, streaming, vinyl, and broadcast, ensuring compatibility and optimal playback.

Modern mastering also considers format-specific constraints and loudness standards. Streaming platforms often employ loudness normalization, so mastering aims for appropriate peak levels and LUFS targets while preserving musical intent. The result should translate well on diverse systems—from hi-fi setups to earbuds—while maintaining consistency from track to track and album to album.

Beyond music, mastering denotes high proficiency in a skill or field, the attainment of expert-level competence through practice and study. Etymologically, it derives from terms meaning teacher or chief, reflecting leadership in a craft. In both senses, mastery implies refined capability, whether shaping sound or guiding practice.