masenduse

Masenduse is the Estonian term for a mood disorder commonly translated as depression in English. In clinical use it refers to depressive conditions that impair mood, interest, energy, and functioning, most notably major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder, as well as related seasonal or situational forms recognized in international classifications.

Core symptoms include persistent sadness or emptiness, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite or sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. To meet criteria for major depressive disorder, these symptoms must be present most of the day for at least two weeks and cause distress or impairment.

Causes arise from interactions of biological, genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Neurotransmitter changes, inflammation, and hormonal fluctuations may play a role. Risk factors include a family history of mood disorders, adverse life events, chronic illness, substance use, social isolation, and certain personality traits.

Diagnosis is clinical, based on patient history and mental status examination. Screening tools such as the PHQ-9 may aid assessment. Classification systems like DSM-5 or ICD-11 distinguish major depressive disorder from other depressive conditions and guide treatment planning. Differential diagnoses include bipolar disorder and medical or psychiatric comorbidities.

Treatment typically combines psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. Evidence supports cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy, often with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or other antidepressants. In severe cases, hospitalization, psychotherapy, and neuromodulation options such as electroconvulsive therapy or rTMS may be used. Early, sustained treatment improves outcomes and reduces risk of relapse.