mandolins

A mandolin is a fretted string instrument in the lute family, typically with four courses of two metal strings. The pairs are usually tuned in unison to G3, D4, A4, and E5 and are plucked with a pick. The instrument produces a bright, ringing tone and is known for its fast articulation.

Origins and varieties: The mandolin developed in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. Early instruments were bowl-backed (Neapolitan) and today’s mandolins come in several body styles. Modern examples are commonly flatback or carved-top instruments with teardrop or rounded bodies and f-shaped sound holes. Common variants include flatback A-style and more ornate F-style instruments, as well as traditional bowlback designs. Typical construction features a spruce top, maple back and sides, ebony fingerboard, and metal fittings.

Playing and technique: Mandolins are usually played with a plectrum (pick), though some players use fingerstyle. Tremolo picking is a distinctive technique used to sustain notes. The scale length is typically about 13 to 14 inches (33 to 36 cm). The instrument can be strummed for chords or used for melodic lines and virtuosic runs.

Repertoire and use: The mandolin appears in classical ensembles and solo repertoire, folk music, and bluegrass. In classical music, it has concerti and chamber works; in folk traditions it provides melody and rhythm; in bluegrass it is known for rapid, virtuosic picking. Notable players include Bill Monroe and Chris Thile, and the instrument has historical connections to Italian composers such as Vivaldi who wrote for mandolin.