mainstreamed

Mainstreamed is the adjective or past participle form of mainstream, used to describe something that has been brought into the main stream of society, culture, policy, or the market. The verb to mainstream means to integrate or render something more typical or widely accepted.

In education, mainstreaming refers to placing students with disabilities or other special needs into general education classrooms for all or part of the day, with supports and services provided as needed. The term emerged in the mid-20th century and has been partly superseded in some contexts by inclusion, which emphasizes equal participation and the flexible provision of supports. The effectiveness of mainstreaming depends on resources, training, and appropriate accommodations; supporters cite increased social interaction and access to the standard curriculum, while critics warn of possible academic tradeoffs and stigmatization if support is inadequate.

Beyond education, mainstreaming can describe the process by which ideas, practices, or cultural expressions become part of the dominant culture or market. This can occur through media representation, commercialization, policy adoption, or institutional reform. In policy terms, mainstreaming often aims to align niche concerns with established frameworks, sometimes improving reach but risking dilution of the original aims.

The term is sometimes contrasted with inclusion or integration, which emphasize different degrees and methods of participation. As discourses on education, civil rights, and cultural change evolved, the usage of mainstreaming has shifted toward broader notions of inclusion, access, and equity.